![]() ![]() tuberosum subspecies andigena and in Hungarian cultivar Sárpo Mira. Most of the Rpi genes have been derived from tuber-bearing species (25): Mexican (9 species), Bolivian (6), Peruvian (4), Argentine (3), Paraguayan (1), USA (1) and one species found generally in the Andes. To date, more than 70 Rpi genes have been identified and mapped in 32 Solanum species (Table (Table1). They are characterized as being highly resistant to various diseases, including late blight, and they have been used in breeding programmes for more than 100 years (Machida-Hirano 2015). Wild relatives of the potato are unique sources of genetic variation. Another country where species richness is particularly high is Mexico, which has 36 potato wild species (Hijmans and Spooner 2001). The highest number of species (93) occurs in Peru, 43 of which can be described as rare. These wild species grow in America from the southwestern United States to central Argentina and Chile (Hijmans and Spooner 2001). However, recent morphological and molecular studies have reduced the number of potato wild species to 107 (Spooner et al. Hawkes’s taxonomy originally distinguished 232 potato wild species (Hawkes 1990). We present new sources of Rpi genes and new methods used to identify them and discuss the interactions between P. We discuss the use of Rpi genes in traditional and genetic modification-based breeding as well as their detection in existing potato cultivars. ![]() In this review, we summarize the knowledge concerning Rpi genes. However, to avoid a rapid overcoming of resistance in newly engineered cultivars, introducing not one but several Rpi genes at a time has been proposed (Haverkort et al. Compared with conventional breeding, genetic engineering techniques such as cisgenesis facilitate a faster introduction of Rpi genes into commercial cultivars (Ghislain et al. For example, the introgression of a single Rpi gene ( Rpi-blb2) from the wild species Solanum bulbocastanum to potato cultivars Bionica and Toluca necessitated more than 45 years (Haverkort et al. Rpi gene introgression from wild relatives of the potato into commercial cultivars through crossing is time-consuming, especially in the case of species separated from potato with crossing barriers such as different endosperm balance numbers (EBNs). demissum were quickly overcome by new virulent P. demissum, including Pentland Ace ( R3), Pentland Dell ( R1, R2 and R3) and Epoka ( R4), have been registered and cultivated on a large scale in Europe (Malcolmson 1969 Rudkiewicz 1985). Potato cultivars carrying resistance genes derived from S. ![]() Research was initiated to introduce the Rpi genes from Solanum demissum into potato cultivars (Black et al. infestans ( Rpi genes) in potato wild species. Intensive research on potato late blight has led to the discovery of dominant resistance genes against P. infestans caused severe destruction of potato crops in Europe, especially in Ireland, where potatoes were the staple food (Kamoun et al. This pathogen can infect stems, berries, leaves and tubers, which leads to complete crop loss. Late blight is caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, an oomycete within the kingdom Stramenopiles, which also infects tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Costs associated with crop loss and chemical control of late blight were estimated to be more than € 9 billion per year (Haverkort et al. Late blight is the most economically important potato disease. ) plants are cultivated worldwide the largest areas can be found in Asia and Europe and potato production is systematically increasing in Africa (Haverkort and Struik 2015). Last, we review new sources of Rpi genes and new methods used to identify them and discuss interactions between P. We also discuss the use of Rpi genes in breeding as well as their detection in existing potato cultivars. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning Rpi genes. The development of genetic engineering techniques has enabled the direct transfer of resistance genes from potato wild species to cultivars and easier pyramiding of multiple Rpi genes, which potentially increases the durability and spectrum of potato resistance to rapidly evolving P. Such programmes were initiated 100 years ago, but the process is complex and long. infestans ( Rpi genes) that originate from wild relatives of potato. Therefore, new potato cultivars have been bred using resistance genes against P. Crop protection against late blight requires intensive use of fungicides, which has an impact on the environment and humans. Potato is affected by many pathogens, among which Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight, is of the most economic importance. In 2020, potato production was estimated to be more than 359 million tons according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. ![]()
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